No interaction effect was found for German grades. Results from latent growth curve models with latent interaction terms showed a small compensatory interaction effect for baseline levels of math grades but not for their development. We thus investigated the main and interaction effects of fluid intelligence and conscientiousness on school grades in math and German in a longitudinal sample of 1043 German students from age 11 to 15 years. Most previous studies on this subject have been cross-sectional and many of them focused on older adolescents or adults in upper secondary school or university. A synergistic and a compensatory form of interaction have been suggested, but past evidence has been mixed so far. In addition to this main effect, researchers have suggested that the two traits might also interact with each other in the prediction of school success. In conclusion, a brief indication of a research agenda is presented.įluid intelligence and conscientiousness are the most important predictors of school grades. The second part of this paper explores the main concepts of lifestyle in health, underlining their strengths and weaknesses, and proposes an alternative definition of a healthy lifestyle, which integrates the individual dimensions with the social and cycle dimensions of life. The main components that characterise lifestyle are highlighted. In particular, the first part of this manuscript reexamines the main definitions of lifestyle in the psychological and sociological fields through three perspectives: internal, external, and temporal. This contribution aims to shed light on the lifestyle construct in health psychology. This paper is a narrative review of the literature and an analysis of the concept of lifestyle and its relationship to health. Currently, there is no single definition of lifestyle, and various fields of knowledge have developed theories and research variables that are also distant from each other. Lifestyle is a complex and often generic concept that has been used and defined in different ways in scientific research. Taken together, the findings underscore the relevance of affective contingencies for the understanding of personality and motivated behavior. Finally, in the affiliation domain, motive-specific PACs were linked to objectively assessed, key motivational outcomes (i.e., attentional orientation, behavior in daily life, and in the laboratory). Furthermore, motive-specific PACs were linked in a manner consistent with theory to measures of motive dispositions and to personality traits with motivational underpinnings (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, and narcissism). Both of these PAC operationalizations were highly internally consistent and moderately to highly stable across time. We measured PACs via spontaneous emotional reactions to motive-specific cues, as assessed by affect ratings and electromyographic (EMG) recordings of smile responses. In the current research, we put this claim to test and investigated individual differences with regard to motive-specific PACs in the affiliation and power domains. Multiple theoretical approaches have proposed that such motive-specific positive affective contingencies (PACs) are central building blocks of motive dispositions and personality more broadly. Individuals differ in the tendency to derive pleasure out of motive-specific incentives, such as being socially included or attaining power. The TESSERA framework extends previous theories by explicitly linking short- and long-term processes of personality development, by addressing different manifestations of personality, and by being applicable to different personality characteristics, for example, behavioral traits, motivational orientations, or life narratives. We illustrate how the TESSERA framework facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of normative and differential personality development at various ages during the life span. Reflective and associative processes on TESSERA sequences can lead to personality development (i.e., continuity and lasting changes in explicit and implicit personality characteristics and behavioral patterns). These short-term processes can be generalized as recursive sequence of T: riggering situations, E: xpectancy, S: tates/ S: tate E: xpressions, and R: e A: ctions (TESSERA). The newly developed TESSERA framework posits that long-term personality development occurs due to repeated short-term, situational processes. The current article presents a theoretical framework of the short- and long-term processes underlying personality development throughout adulthood.
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